Pighius, who claims that Calvin’s doctrine of the bondage of the will contradicts the church fathers and demeans the created goodness of human beings. Calvin’s defense is to cite certain church fathers, especially Augustine, and to provide further clarifications of his position. In addition, Calvin makes an ad hoc use of Aristotle (for his own distinct theological purpose), employing the distinction between “substance” and “accident.” A substance is the essence constituting something (e.g., that